Patients Vascular Surgeries
| AORTIC ANEURYSM : : AORTO-BIFEMORAL BYPASS : : APPENDICECTOMY : : BREAST BIOPSY OPEN : : CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY : : CERVICAL NODE : : COLECTOMY : : COLONOSCOPY : : GASTROSCOPY : : HAEMORRHOIDECTOMY : : HERNIA : : HIATUS HERNIA : : INCISIONAL HERNIA : : LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDICECTOMY : : LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY : : LUMPECTOMY AND AXILLARY CLEARANCE : : MASTECTOMY AND AXILLARY CLEARANCE : : SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND : : THYROIDECTOMY : : UMBILICAL HERNIA : : VARICOSE VEINS |
| AORTIC_ANEURYSM | An aortic aneurysm is a bulge in the
aorta, the main blood vessel that comes from
the heart. This aorta passes through the
abdomen and gives off branches to various
organs along the way and then divides into
the vessels going to the legs. The cause of
an aneurysm is atherosclerosis with
weakening of the wall of the aorta.
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| AORTO-BIFEMORAL BYPASS | You have a blockage or partial blockage
in the aorta, the main blood vessel that
comes from the heart or of one of its
branches in the pelvis which supplies blood
to the lower limbs. The cause is usually
atherosclerosis and/or blood clot which has
formed.
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| APPENDICECTOMY | The appendix is a small
appendage that hangs from the first part of
the large bowel in the right part of your
lower abdomen. It is about 12cm long and a
little thicker than a pencil. If this tube
becomes plugged and infected, appendicitis
can develop. It occurs at all ages and in
both sexes.
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| BREAST BIOPSY OPEN | Thousands of women have breast masses
that may cause them concern. These masses
can be smaller than a pea or as large as an
orange. There may be one mass or many
masses. They can be solid or filled with
fluid. Some are benign and others are likely
to be cancerous; a lot of them are in
between. Some masses can be felt whereas
some are seen only on mammography. Because
not all masses are the same, they do not all
need to have a sample taken of them in the
same way.
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| CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY | Blood travels from the heart to the
brain through 4 arteries in the neck, 2
carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries. A
carotid endarterectomy is an operation in
which a narrowed carotid artery is opened up
to allow better flow of blood to the brain.
The usual cause of this narrowing is a
cholesterol deposit at the beginning of the
internal carotid artery.
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| CERVICAL NODE | The whole body is fitted out with a huge
number of microscopic channels that drain
fluid called lymph. These channels pass
through lymph nodes, whose function it is to
filter out and trap bacteria, viruses, white
blood cells, cancer cells and other foreign
particles in the lymph. When the lymph nodes
trap a lot of material, they swell.
Sometimes they swell simply as part of their
job in helping the body fight off an
infection. The lymph nodes are more
concentrated in certain areas, for example
the neck. It is sometimes difficult to know the cause of swelling of lymph nodes. In such situations, a portion or all of the lymph node needs to be removed. This is called a LYMPH NODE BIOPSY.
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| COLECTOMY | A colectomy is the removal of part of
the large bowel usually with joining of the
two ends. This operation is usually done to
remove a diseased part of the large bowel,
either because of benign disease or because
of a malignant disease. Your doctor would
have discussed with you the indications for
your operation.
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| COLONOSCOPY | A colonoscopy is a procedure in which
the inside of the entire colon can be looked
at with an instrument called a colonoscope.
Also, if something abnormal is seen, a small
piece of it (a biopsy) can be taken for
examination in the pathology laboratory.
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| GASTROSCOPY | Gastroscopy is looking down into your
stomach with a special instrument called a
gastroscope. A gastroscopy is done for
several reasons. This is a very common
procedure and your doctor would have
explained to you why you need it.
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| HAEMORRHOIDECTOMY | Haemorrhoids are congested, swollen
veins that are called internal haemorrhoids
when they are just inside the anus. They are
called external haemorrhoids when they are
at the anal opening. There are many causes
of haemorrhoids, including the following:
chronic constipation, a job that requires a
lot of sitting, pregnancy, liver disease,
loss of muscle strength in the anal area
with advancing age and obesity.
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| HERNIA | An inguinal hernia is a bulging out of
the tissues in the groin area. Some hernias
allow structures to pass down into the
scrotum. The bulge consists of intestine
and/or fatty tissue which has slipped into
the hernia sack. A hernia may be reducible,
irreducible, obstructed or strangulated.
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| HIATUS HERNIA | The gullet passes through a hole (the
hiatus) in the diaphragm on its way to the
stomach. Sometimes, tissue around the hiatus
weakens, so the hiatus stretches, and the
weakened tissue bulges into the chest. This
is known as a hiatus hernia.
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| INCISIONAL HERNIA | An incisional hernia is a hernia which
develops at the site of a previous
operation. This occurs because for some
reason the tissues have not healed to their
original strength. The weakened tissue now
bulges. With this kind of hernia intestines
inside the hernia do not often become
strangulated.
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| LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDICECTOMY | The appendix is a small appendage which
hangs from the first part of the large bowel
in the right part of your lower abdomen. It
is about 12cm long and a little thicker than
a pencil. If this tube becomes plugged and
infected, appendicitis can develop. It
occurs at all ages and in both sexes.
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| LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY | A cholecystectomy is the removal of the
gallbladder which is located under your
liver on the right side of your upper
abdomen. The reason for removing the
gallbladder is usually that it contains
stones that cause inflammation and symptoms.
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| LUMPECTOMY AND AXILLARY CLEARANCE | A lumpectomy and axillary clearance
means the removal of the part of the breast
containing the cancer as well as removal of
the lymph nodes from the axilla. No muscles
are removed. This operation is done when it
is possible to treat breast cancer without
removing the whole breast and when it is the
patient's choice not to lose her breast. (It
is also known as wide local excision). It is
usually followed by irradiation to the
breast.
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| MASTECTOMY AND AXILLARY CLEARANCE | A mastectomy and axillary clearance
means the removal of the entire breast and
the lymph nodes from the axilla. No muscles
are removed. This operation of mastectomy
and axillary clearance is done to remove
cancer that cannot be removed safely by a
smaller operation such as lumpectomy (also
known as wide local excision).
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| SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND | The submandibular salivary gland is
located beneath the jaw and is one of the
glands which produces saliva. This gland may
be the site of a benign or malignant tumour.
A chronic infection may require excision
too.
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| THYROIDECTOMY | The thyroid gland is located in the neck
on either side of the trachea. It produces
thyroid hormone which regulates your
metabolism. Benign and malignant growths or
nodules can occur in the thyroid gland.
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| UMBILICAL HERNIA | When a child is born the umbilical cord
is clamped and divided. This umbilical cord
eventually dries and falls off leaving
behind the umbilicus. There is much scar
tissue in this area and there is always some
weakness. Sometimes this weakness can lead
to an umbilical hernia later in life.
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| VARICOSE VEINS | There are 2 main systems of veins which
drain blood from the leg. These are the
saphenous veins which lie under the skin and
the deep veins inside the middle of the leg.
The saphenous veins have valves that permit
blood to go in only one direction - upwards
towards the heart. If these valves break
down the blood in the saphenous vein cannot
move along and upward well enough, so the
veins bulge and look twisted. These are
called varicose veins. The deep veins in the
leg do not need valves as they are
surrounded and squeezed by the leg muscles
so the blood in them has to move along. The
two systems connect with each other.
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